Substance use disorders (SUD) – Causes, effects, and treatment options

What are substance use disorders (SUD)?

Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) refer to a group of conditions characterized by uncontrolled and harmful use of psychoactive substances, such as alcohol, nicotine, opioids, or other drugs. Individuals suffering from these disorders lose control over their substance consumption, leading to severe health, social, and professional consequences.

How to recognize a substance use disorder?

A substance use disorder can be diagnosed based on criteria outlined in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). The severity of the disorder is classified into three levels:

• Mild – presence of 2-3 symptoms,
• Moderate – 4-5 symptoms,
• Severe – 6 or more symptoms.

The main symptoms include:

• Loss of control over the amount and frequency of substance use,
• Strong cravings,
• Increased tolerance – the need to consume higher doses to achieve the same effect,
• Withdrawal symptoms when the substance is no longer used,
• Neglect of professional, family, or social responsibilities,
• Continued use despite negative health and psychological consequences.

Risk factors for developing addiction

The development of a substance use disorder is influenced by multiple factors, including genetic, environmental, and psychological aspects. The most common risk factors include:

• Genetic predisposition – individuals with close relatives who have struggled with addiction are more likely to develop the disorder,
• Environmental factors – e.g., stress, difficult family relationships, and easy access to psychoactive substances,
• Mental health issues – depression, anxiety disorders, and PTSD can increase the likelihood of using substances as a coping mechanism,
• Early initiation – the earlier a person starts using psychoactive substances, the higher the risk of addiction.

Long-term effects of substance use

Untreated substance use disorder can lead to severe health and social consequences, such as:

• Damage to internal organs (e.g., liver, heart, brain),
• Increased risk of mental health disorders (e.g., depression, psychosis, anxiety),
• Impaired interpersonal relationships and family issues,
• Occupational and financial difficulties, including job loss and debt,
• Increased risk of overdose and death.

Treatment of substance use disorders

The treatment process should be tailored to the individual needs of the patient and address both the physical and psychological aspects of addiction. Treatment methods include:

• Psychotherapy– essential approaches include:
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) – helps patients understand the mechanisms of addiction and develop healthier coping strategies,
  • Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) – particularly effective for individuals with high impulsivity and coexisting emotional disorders.
• Pharmacotherapy – in some cases, medications are used to alleviate withdrawal symptoms and reduce substance cravings.
• Group support – e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), self-help groups, and 12-step programs assist patients in maintaining long-term abstinence.
• Crisis intervention – in emergency situations, such as overdose or relapse, hospitalization may be necessary.

Substance use disorders are a serious health concern that require a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Early intervention is crucial to prevent severe health and social consequences. If you or someone you know is struggling with addiction, seeking professional psychological and therapeutic help is highly recommended. Early intervention can significantly improve quality of life and increase the chances of successful recovery.